He's just an acquaintance, not a close friend, whom I met at a school event.
+ a casual acquaintance
Describing events, places and people · Asking for and giving clarification
Başlamadan önce
In this theme, students describe the people, places and events in their lives and learn how to ask for and give clarification when something is not clear.
Adım 1 / 8
25 hedef kelime
He's just an acquaintance, not a close friend, whom I met at a school event.
+ a casual acquaintance
A loyal friend is someone who stays by your side even in difficult times.
+ a loyal friend
Ayşe is the kind of friend who is always reliable when you need help.
+ a reliable person
I only share secrets with friends whom I find trustworthy.
+ a trustworthy friend
The bond between the two friends grew stronger after the trip they took together.
+ a close bond
She was my companion on every school trip I ever went on.
+ a travelling companion
My friend, who is very outgoing, makes new friends wherever she goes.
+ an outgoing personality
His sincere apology, which he gave in front of everyone, repaired their friendship.
+ a sincere apology
The classmates who get along best usually sit together at lunch.
+ get along well with someone
The friends, who have a lot in common, enjoy the same hobbies and music.
+ have a lot in common
The gathering, which took place at Deniz's house, lasted until midnight.
+ a small gathering
We are planning a reunion for the classmates who graduated five years ago.
+ a class reunion
She is the friend whom I confide in whenever something is bothering me.
+ confide in a friend
The teammates who supported me during the competition became close friends.
+ support each other
The misunderstanding, which started over a text message, was quickly cleared up.
+ clear up a misunderstanding
Could you clarify what you meant when you said the plan had changed?
+ clarify a point
I asked my friend to explain further because I hadn't understood the reason.
She rephrased her question so that her friend could understand it more easily.
+ rephrase a question
In other words, what I meant was that we should meet earlier than planned.
I got confused about the meeting place, so I asked my friend to clarify.
+ get confused about something
Your explanation didn't make sense to me at first, so I asked another question.
He is a generous friend who always shares his notes before exams.
+ a generous gesture
My classmates were very supportive when I was struggling with the project.
+ a supportive friend
Elif is a childhood friend whom I have known since primary school.
The two friends drifted apart after one of them moved to another city.
Adım 2 / 8
Kelimeleri oyunla pekiştir.
Öğretmenler: her oyunun sınıfta oynanacak kart sürümü öğretmen sayfasında.
Adım 3 / 8
Kuralı ezberleme; örneklerden kendin keşfet.
What do you notice about the words who, which, when and whose, and what kind of word do they follow?
Complete each sentence with the correct relative pronoun or adverb from the bank.
Well done — you can now choose the correct relative word!
Combine the two cues into one sentence with a relative clause, as in the model.
✓ The girl who sits next to me is friendly.
The boy who lives next door plays football with me.
The park where we play basketball is near my house.
I will never forget the day when we became friends.
The girl whose brother studies abroad sits behind me.
The reason why she was upset was a misunderstanding.
The book which I borrowed from Elif is very interesting.
Write 2-3 original sentences describing a friend, a place, or an event using who, which, that, whose, where, when or why.
We use defining relative clauses to give essential information that identifies exactly which person, thing, place, time or reason we are talking about, without which the sentence would not make full sense. We use who/that for people, which/that for things, whose to show possession, where for places, when for times, and why for reasons. Defining relative clauses are not separated by commas.
TRBelirten (defining) sıfat cümleciklerini, hakkında konuşulan kişi, şey, yer, zaman ya da sebebi tam olarak belirlemek için gereken, cümlenin anlamı için gerekli bilgiyi vermek amacıyla kullanırız; bu bilgi olmadan cümle eksik kalır. İnsanlar için who/that, nesneler için which/that, sahiplik için whose, yerler için where, zamanlar için when, sebepler için why kullanılır. Belirten sıfat cümlecikleri virgülle ayrılmaz.
Use a defining relative clause whenever the listener needs the extra information to know exactly who or what you mean; if you removed the clause, the sentence would become unclear or too general.
TRDinleyicinin tam olarak kimi ya da neyi kastettiğinizi anlaması için ek bilgiye ihtiyacı olduğunda belirten sıfat cümleciği kullanılır; bu cümlecik çıkarılırsa cümle belirsiz ya da çok genel hale gelir.
Use 'who' or 'that' for people, not 'which'.
TRİnsanlar için 'which' değil, 'who' ya da 'that' kullanılır.
Defining relative clauses do not take a comma before them.
TRBelirten sıfat cümleciklerinden önce virgül kullanılmaz.
'Whose' shows possession; don't confuse it with the contraction 'who's' (who is).
TR'Whose' sahiplik bildirir; 'who is' kısaltması olan 'who's' ile karıştırılmamalıdır.
Use 'when' for times, not 'which'.
TRZamanlar için 'which' değil 'when' kullanılır.
| who / which / that / whose | where / when / why | |
|---|---|---|
| Refers to | a person, thing or possessionThe girl who helped me is kind. | a place, time or reasonThe park where we meet is quiet. |
| Replaces | a subject or object pronoun, or a possessiveThe bag whose owner I don't know... | a preposition + whichThe day when (= on which) we met... |
What do you notice about the commas in the second and fourth sentences, and what happens to the meaning if you remove the clause?
Decide if each sentence needs commas (non-defining) or not (defining), then complete it correctly.
Great — you can now tell essential from extra information!
Turn each pair of facts into one sentence, choosing defining or non-defining depending on whether the person/place is already named.
✓ My friend Cem, who lives in Bursa, called me yesterday.
The girl who sits next to me in class is very friendly.
My teacher, Mr. Aydın, who organised the trip, is very kind.
The restaurant where we celebrated was full of our friends.
İstanbul, where many of my old friends live, is a huge city.
Write 2-3 sentences about people or places you know, using both a defining and a non-defining relative clause correctly.
A defining relative clause gives essential information without which the sentence loses its meaning, and it is not separated by commas. A non-defining relative clause adds extra, non-essential information about someone or something already identified (often a name or a unique place), and it is separated by commas. 'That' can replace who/which in defining clauses but not in non-defining clauses.
TRBelirten (defining) sıfat cümleciği, çıkarıldığında cümlenin anlamını kaybettiği temel bilgiyi verir ve virgülle ayrılmaz. Belirtmeyen (non-defining) sıfat cümleciği ise zaten tanımlanmış bir kişi ya da şey (genellikle bir isim ya da tek bir yer) hakkında ek, gereksiz olmayan ama zorunlu da olmayan bilgi verir ve virgülle ayrılır. 'That', belirten cümleciklerde who/which yerine kullanılabilir ama belirtmeyen cümleciklerde kullanılamaz.
Choose non-defining when the person or place is already clearly identified (a name, 'my mother', a capital city) and you are only adding extra detail; choose defining when the clause is needed to say exactly who or what you mean.
TRKişi ya da yer zaten açıkça belirlenmişse (bir isim, 'annem', bir başkent gibi) ve sadece ek bir bilgi ekleniyorsa belirtmeyen cümlecik; tam olarak kimi ya da neyi kastettiğinizi belirtmek gerekiyorsa belirten cümlecik seçilir.
'My mother' is already unique, so the clause is non-defining and needs commas.
TR'My mother' zaten tek kişidir, bu yüzden cümlecik belirtmeyen türdedir ve virgül gerekir.
'That' is only used in defining clauses, which never take commas.
TR'That' yalnızca belirten cümleciklerde kullanılır ve bu cümlecikler asla virgül almaz.
A non-defining clause needs commas and the main sentence still needs its own verb.
TRBelirtmeyen cümlecik virgül gerektirir ve ana cümlenin de kendi yüklemi olmalıdır.
| Defining | Non-defining | |
|---|---|---|
| Commas | no commasThe friend who helped me is Kerem. | commas requiredKerem, who helped me, is my friend. |
| Can use 'that'? | yesThe friend that helped me... | noKerem, who (not that) helped me,... |
| Information | essential to identifyidentifies which friend | extra, removableadds detail about a known person |
Adım 4 / 8
Özgün metin ve anlama soruları.
Everyone has a friend who they will never forget, and for me, that friend is Ceren. We met in the seventh grade, on the first day when our new class was formed, and we have been close ever since. Ceren is the kind of person who notices when something is wrong, even before you say a word.
Two years ago, I was going through a difficult period at school, which affected my grades and my confidence. Ceren, who could see that I was struggling, started walking home with me every day just to talk. She never told me what to do; instead, she asked questions that helped me understand my own feelings better.
The place where we had our longest conversations was a small park near our school, which has a bench under an old tree. That bench is where we solved most of our problems, from small arguments with classmates to bigger worries about the future. It became a kind of second home for us.
What I admire most about Ceren is her loyalty. She is a friend whose honesty I can always trust, even when the truth is uncomfortable. Last year, when I made a decision that most people disagreed with, Ceren was the only one who asked me to explain my reasons before judging me.
Now that we are in different classes, we don't see each other every day, but the bond we built has not weakened. Whenever I need someone to talk to, Ceren is still the first person I call. She taught me that a real friend is someone who stays, not just when things are easy, but especially when they are not.
278 kelime · yaklaşık 2 dk
Last month, my old classmates and I organised a reunion, which took place exactly ten years after we finished middle school. The event, which was held in a restaurant near our old school, brought together almost thirty former students, some of whom I hadn't seen since graduation.
The person who worked hardest to organise everything was Burak, a classmate whose energy for planning events never seems to disappear. He created a group chat where everyone could share memories, photos and, eventually, their availability for the big day.
When the evening finally arrived, it was strange to see faces that I remembered as children now belonging to adults with jobs, families and completely different lives. The first person I recognised was Selin, whose laugh had not changed at all in ten years. We talked for almost an hour about the summer when our whole class went camping together.
One moment that made everyone emotional was when we watched an old video, which someone had saved from our final week of school. In the video, our teacher, who had since retired, gave a short speech about friendship that none of us had fully understood at the age of fourteen.
By the end of the night, we had exchanged numbers, made plans for a smaller gathering, and remembered why some of these friendships, despite the years when we drifted apart, still mattered. As Burak said in his closing toast, a good friend is someone who, no matter how much time passes, can still make you feel like you're fifteen again.
257 kelime · yaklaşık 2 dk
Adım 5 / 8
Dinle, anla, transkriptle kontrol et.
AHey, is this the photo from your cousin's wedding? Who's the girl standing next to you?
BOh, that's Naz. She's a friend whose family lives near mine in the summer.
ASorry, could you clarify that? Do you mean she's a neighbour, or a family friend?
BIn other words, our families have known each other for years because our summer houses are next to each other.
AAh, that makes sense now. And who's the boy who's laughing in the background?
BThat's Emir, the guy who organised most of the wedding games.
AWait, I'm a bit confused. Is he your cousin's friend, or is he related to your family?
BLet me explain further — he's actually my cousin's university roommate, and they've been close ever since they met.
AGot it, thanks for clarifying. And where was this photo taken exactly?
BIt was taken at the garden where the whole reception was held, right after the ceremony.
Adım 6 / 8
Öğrendiklerini konuşarak ve yazarak kullan.
Describe a close friend to your partner using at least three relative clauses (who/which/that/whose/where/when/why), while your partner listens and asks for clarification when needed.
Take turns telling your group about a memorable event you shared with friends, explaining where it happened, when it happened, and why it was memorable, while the group asks clarifying questions.
Write a descriptive paragraph about your best friend, using at least four relative clauses to describe their personality, a place you share, and a memorable event together.
Write a short message to a friend clarifying something you said earlier that caused a misunderstanding, explaining what you really meant.
Adım 7 / 8
Kısa kontroller; yanlışlar seni ilgili bölüme yönlendirir.
Adım 8 / 8
Temanın tüm becerilerinden sorular.
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