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AbOnlinEnglish Dil Eğitimi logosuABONLINENGLISH DİL EĞİTİMİGrammar

GrammarB1Reported Speech

Reported Statements

Reporting what someone said: He said (that) he was busy.

Dolaylı Anlatım (Cümleler)

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Son güncelleme: · Hazırlayan: AbOnlinEnglish Dil Eğitimi

Quick Understanding

Reported speech, başkasının söylediği bir cümleyi kendi cümlemizin içinde aktarmamızı sağlar. Bunu yaparken genellikle zaman bir adım geriye kayar — buna backshift denir.

The Structure

Formula

Subject + said (that) + [cümle bir zaman geriye kaymış]
Direct SpeechReported Speech
Present SimplePast Simple
Present ContinuousPast Continuous
Present PerfectPast Perfect
Past SimplePast Perfect (genelde)
willwould
cancould
maymight
musthad to / must (değişmez, çıkarım için)

Affirmative / Negative

Affirmative

"I work here," he said. → He said (that) he worked there.

Negative

"I don't like it," she said. → She said (that) she didn't like it.

Question (ayrı konu)

Reported Questions için ayrı derse bak →

Word Order & Değişimler

Direct
"I am tired," she said.
Reported
She said (that) she was tired.

Zamirler (I→she), zaman ifadeleri (today→that day, tomorrow→the next day) ve yer ifadeleri (here→there) de değişir.

How It Works

When do we use it?

  • Başkasının sözünü kendi cümlemizde aktarırken: He said he was busy.
  • Yazılı/sözlü haber aktarırken: The manager said the meeting was cancelled.
  • Geçmişte söylenmiş bir şeyi şimdi anlatırken.

When DON'T we backshift?

Aktarma fiili ŞİMDİKİ zamandaysa (says, has said) ya da aktarılan bilgi hâlâ GEÇERLİ bir genel gerçekse backshift YAPILMAZ.
"The Earth is round," she said. → She said (that) the Earth is round. (genel gerçek, backshift opsiyonel)

Say vs Tell

Say

Nesnesiz kullanılır (ya da "to sb" ile).

She said (to me) that she was tired.

VS

Tell

Mutlaka bir nesne alır.

She told me that she was tired.

Türkçe Mantığı

Zihninde şu sırayla ilerle:

NE SÖYLENDİ? → "I am tired." (direkt söylenen cümle)
↓
AKTARMA FİİLİ GEÇMİŞTE Mİ? (said/told) → Evet → BACKSHIFT gerekir
↓
ZAMAN BİR ADIM GERİ KAYAR + ZAMİRLER DEĞİŞİR
↓
CÜMLE → She said (that) she was tired.

Examples

  • "I live in Paris," she said. → She said she lived in Paris.Present Simple → Past Simple.
  • "I am studying," he said. → He said he was studying.Present Continuous → Past Continuous.
  • "I have finished," she said. → She said she had finished.Present Perfect → Past Perfect.
  • "I will call you," he said. → He said he would call me.will → would.
  • "I can swim," she said. → She said she could swim.can → could.
  • "I saw him yesterday," she said. → She said she had seen him the day before.yesterday → the day before.
  • "I'll see you tomorrow," he said. → He said he would see me the next day.tomorrow → the next day.
  • "This is my book," she said. → She said that was her book.this → that.

Common Mistakes

❌ She said that she is tired.
✅ She said that she was tired.
WHY? Aktarma fiili (said) geçmişte olduğu için backshift uygulanmalı: is → was.
❌ He told that he was busy.
✅ He said that he was busy. / He told me that he was busy.
WHY? "Tell" mutlaka bir nesne (me, her, us...) alır; nesnesiz kullanacaksan "say" kullanmalısın.
❌ She said me that she was leaving.
✅ She told me that she was leaving.
TÜRKÇE MANTIK: Türkçede "bana söyledi" derken nesne fiile doğrudan bağlanır; İngilizcede bu "tell" ile olur, "say" ile değil (say + to me kullanılabilir ama say me YANLIŞTIR).

Quick Check

3 kısa soru. Cevabını seçer seçmez doğru cevabı ve nedenini göreceksin.

Practice

7 soru. Farklı soru tipleriyle pekiştir. Her cevaptan sonra açıklamayı oku; istersen baştan dene.

Final Check

Konunun tamamını kapsayan kısa test. Cevaplar ve açıklamalar testi bitirince görünür.

Sık Sorulan Sorular

Zaman neden bir adım geriye kayar?

Aktaran fiil geçmişteyse (said) söz de genelde geçmişe kayar: "I'm tired." → She said she was tired. Söylenen hâlâ doğruysa kaydırmamak da mümkündür.

Say mi tell mi?

tell kişiyle kullanılır (told me), say kişisiz (said that...) ya da to ile (said to me).

Download the Lesson

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Download PDF Lesson

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