B2 · Upper-Intermediate · Ünite 5 / 10

📊 Economics & Inequality

Gramer: Modal Perfects (should/could/might/must have + V3)

Ekonomi ve eşitsizlik temasıyla geçmişe dair eleştiri, kaçırılan fırsat ve çıkarım bildiren should have, could have, might have, must have, needn't have yapılarını öğreniyorsun.

📚 10 kelime📐 Konu anlatımı📖 Okuma + 4 soru✏️ 15 alıştırma✍️ 2 yazma görevi

📄PDF indir yazdırılabilir · cevap anahtarlı 📝Word indir düzenlenebilir .docx

🎯 Bu ünitede neler öğreneceksin?

📚
Kelime
10 kelime ve kalıp — should have + V3 · could have + V3 · might have + V3 …
📐
Gramer
Modal Perfects (should/could/might/must have + V3)
📖
Okuma
“The 2008 Financial Crisis — What Went Wrong?” metni ve 4 anlama sorusu
✍️
Yazma
Modal perfects · Tarihsel hata

İlerlemen 0/5📚 Kelimeler📐 Gramer📖 Okuma✏️ Alıştırmalar✍️ Yazma

Kelimeler ve kalıplar: Economics & Inequality

Bu ünitenin temel kelime ve kalıpları. Önce anlamlarını oku, sonra Okuma metninde bul.

#	Kelime / Kalıp	Türkçe açıklama
1	should have + V3	Yapmalıydı (ama yapmadı) — eleştiri/pişmanlık
2	could have + V3	Yapabilirdi (ama yapmadı) — kaybedilen fırsat
3	might have + V3	Yapmış olabilirdi — belirsiz geçmiş ihtimal
4	must have + V3	Mutlaka yapmış olmalı — kesin geçmiş çıkarım
5	ought to have + V3	Gerekirdi — etik yükümlülük
6	need not have + V3	Gereksiz yere yapıldı
7	wealth inequality	Servet eşitsizliği — giderek büyüyen uçurum
8	GDP (Gross Domestic Product)	GSYİH — ülkenin toplam ekonomik üretimi
9	austerity measures	Kısıntı önlemleri — harcama kesintileri
10	trickle-down economics	Damla damla aşağıya inen ekonomi — tartışmalı teori

💡 Kuralı öğrendikten sonra Okuma sekmesindeki sarı işaretli yapıları incele, sonra Alıştırmalar'a geç.

Modal Perfects — Geçmişteki Yorumlar

Modal perfects, geçmişte olan (veya olmayan) eylemler hakkında tahmin, pişmanlık, eleştiri veya imkânsızlık ifade eder. Yapı: modal + have + V3

📌 Tüm Modal Perfects

Yapı	Anlam	Örnek
must have + V3	kesin tahmin (geçmiş)	She's not here. She must have left early.
can't have + V3	imkânsız (geçmiş)	He can't have stolen it — he wasn't there.
might/could have + V3	belirsiz ihtimal	She might have forgotten about the meeting.
should have + V3	yapılması gerekendi ama yapılmadı	You should have called me! (aramadın)
shouldn't have + V3	yapılmaması gerekendi ama yapıldı	I shouldn't have eaten so much. (yedim)
could have + V3	yapabilirdi ama yapmadı	She could have helped but she didn't.
needn't have + V3	gerekmiyordu ama yapıldı	You needn't have bought flowers! (ama aldın)

🔀

DON'T CONFUSE — must have vs should have

must have → tahmin (sen karar veriyorsun):
"She must have been tired." (Çok yorgun olmalı — bence kesin)

should have → pişmanlık/eleştiri (yapılmadı):
"She should have rested." (Dinlenseydi ya — ama dinlenmedi)

needn't have → gereksiz eylem (yapıldı ama gerekmiyordu):
"You needn't have cooked — we ordered pizza." (Pişirdin ama gerek yoktu)

📘 Bu konuyu Visual Grammar serisinde detaylı çalış → ›

📄

The 2008 Financial Crisis — What Went Wrong?

sarı işaretli kelimeler bu ünitenin hedef yapıları ve kalıplarıdır.

The 2008 global financial crisis devastated economies worldwide. Millions lost their homes, jobs, and savings. In 2011, the official US inquiry concluded that the crisis was avoidable. In other words, it should not have happened — at least not at this scale.

Financial regulators should have acted much sooner. Warning signs had been visible for years. Banks ought to have been required to hold much larger capital reserves as insurance. Rating agencies should have scrutinised the toxic mortgage-backed securities far more rigorously. The fact that they must have known about the risks — given the data available to them — makes their failure particularly troubling.

Governments could have intervened earlier. Some economists, such as John Taylor, argue that the Federal Reserve might have cooled the housing bubble if it had not kept interest rates so low in 2002–2004. Others believe even different policies could not have avoided a crash completely.

The economic consequences of the crisis fell hardest on those with the least. The wealth gap, already large in 2007, widened dramatically. Working-class families should never have been the ones bearing the burden of a crisis they did not create.

We should have learned from the Great Depression of the 1930s. But it seems we hadn't. The same patterns of deregulation, unchecked speculation, and short-term thinking that caused problems in the 1930s caused them again, seventy years later.

📝 Comprehension Questions · Anlama soruları

1What did the official US inquiry conclude in 2011?

That the crisis was avoidable.

2What do some economists, such as John Taylor, argue about the Federal Reserve?

That it might have cooled the housing bubble if it had not kept interest rates so low in 2002–2004.

3Who bore the heaviest consequences of the crisis?

Working-class families — those with the least, who did not create the crisis.

4Find 3 modal perfects in the text and explain what each expresses (criticism / missed opportunity / certain past deduction / etc.).

e.g. should have acted (criticism — they didn't act) / could have intervened (missed opportunity) / must have known (certain past deduction)

Alıştırmalar: Modal Perfects (should / could / might / must have)

0Doğru

0Yanlış

0XP

0%Başarı

1You ___ told me earlier! I could have helped.

2She ___ won if she'd trained harder.

3He ___ taken a different route — we'll never know.

4They ___ paid their employees fairly. It was wrong.

5You ___ worried — everything was fine in the end.

6I ___ my umbrella — it didn't rain at all.

7The regulators ___ the banks more carefully. Now millions suffer.

8She ___ the job, but she didn't apply. (fırsat vardı)

9We ___ from history, but we repeated the same mistakes.

10She ___ the whole night reading — she looks exhausted.

11They ___ the contract before signing. Now there are problems.

12You look exhausted. You ___ worked so late last night.

13The warning signs were clear. Someone ___ noticed them.

14She ___ the prize — her performance was flawless. (certain deduction)

15They ___ the meeting — only 3 people were attending.

✍️ Öğrendiklerini serbest yazıya dök. Yazdıkların bu tarayıcıda saklanır; her görevin altında örnek cevap var.

1Modal perfects

Write 4 sentences about a past event or historical moment using: 1-) should have (criticism) 2-) could have (missed opportunity) 3-) might have (uncertain past) 4-) must have (certain deduction)

0 kelime

The 2008 financial crisis should have been prevented — the warning signs were clearly visible for years. Regulators could have intervened much earlier and should have done so. The Federal Reserve might have raised interest rates more aggressively in 2005 to cool the housing bubble. Senior politicians must have known about the systemic risks but chose to ignore them for political reasons.

2Tarihsel hata

Choose a historical mistake (financial crisis, political failure, environmental disaster). Write 4–5 sentences about what should/could have been done differently.

0 kelime

During the 2008 financial crisis, governments around the world should have acted far more decisively and far sooner. Major banks could have been regulated much more strictly in the years preceding the collapse. Millions of ordinary homeowners might have kept their properties if more protective policies had been in place. World leaders must have understood the severity of the situation — they simply lacked the courage to act.