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B2 · Upper-Intermediate · Ünite 1 / 10

🔬 Science & Discovery

Gramer: Advanced Passive (Impersonal + all tenses)

Bilim ve keşif metinleriyle tüm zamanlarda passive'i ve akademik dilde sık kullanılan It is believed that... / is thought to... yapılarını öğreniyorsun.

📚 10 kelime📐 Konu anlatımı📖 Okuma + 4 soru✏️ 15 alıştırma✍️ 2 yazma görevi
📄PDF indir yazdırılabilir · cevap anahtarlı 📝Word indir düzenlenebilir .docx

🎯 Bu ünitede neler öğreneceksin?

İlerlemen 0/5📚 Kelimeler📐 Gramer📖 Okuma✏️ Alıştırmalar✍️ Yazma

Kelimeler ve kalıplar: Science & Discovery

Bu ünitenin temel kelime ve kalıpları. Önce anlamlarını oku, sonra Okuma metninde bul.
#Kelime / KalıpTürkçe açıklama
1It is widely believed that...Yaygın olarak inanılmaktadır ki... (impersonal passive)
2has been shown to......olduğu gösterilmiştir (PP passive)
3was put forward by......tarafından öne sürüldü (past passive)
4is being researchedAraştırılmaktadır (present continuous passive)
5groundbreakingÇığır açan — büyük bir yenilik yapan
6peer-reviewedHakemli — bilim insanlarınca denetlenen
7replicate (the findings)Bulguları tekrarlamak — doğrulama deneyi
8hypothesisHipotez — sınanmamış varsayım
9double-blind studyÇift kör çalışma — önyargısız deney
10paradigm shiftParadigma değişimi — köklü anlayış dönüşümü
💡 Kuralı öğrendikten sonra Okuma sekmesindeki sarı işaretli yapıları incele, sonra Alıştırmalar'a geç.

Advanced Passive — İleri Edilgen Yapılar

B2 seviyesinde edilgen yapı sadece "is/was + V3" değildir. Modal passives, continuous passives, perfect passives ve özellikle akademik yazıda sıklıkla görülen impersonal passive (It is believed/said/thought) yapıları öğrenilir.

📌 Tüm Zamanlarda Passive

ZamanPassive YapıÖrnek
Present Simpleis/are + V3Thousands of trees are cut down daily.
Past Simplewas/were + V3The vaccine was developed in 2020.
Present Continuousis/are being + V3The bridge is being repaired.
Past Continuouswas/were being + V3The suspect was being watched.
Present Perfecthave/has been + V3Three people have been arrested.
Past Perfecthad been + V3The letter had been opened before she arrived.
Futurewill be + V3The results will be announced tomorrow.
Modalmodal + be + V3This must be checked immediately.

📌 Impersonal Passive — Akademik dil

YapıÖrnekTürkçesi
It is believed that...It is believed that the virus originated in 2019.Virüsün 2019'da ortaya çıktığına inanılıyor.
It is thought that...It is thought that the climate will warm by 2°C.İklimin 2°C ısınacağı düşünülüyor.
It is said that...It is said that exercise reduces stress.Egzersizin stresi azalttığı söyleniyor.
It is reported that...It is reported that unemployment has fallen.İşsizliğin düştüğü bildirildi.
Subject + is thought to...The treatment is thought to be effective.Tedavinin etkili olduğu düşünülüyor.
💡
TIP — İki yapı — aynı anlam
It is believed that people lived here 3,000 years ago.
= People are believed to have lived here 3,000 years ago.
İkinci yapı daha kompakt ve akademik metinlerde tercih edilir.
📘 Bu konuyu Visual Grammar serisinde detaylı çalış → ›
📄

The Microbiome Revolution

sarı işaretli kelimeler bu ünitenin hedef yapıları ve kalıplarıdır.

It has recently been established that the human body contains roughly 38 trillion bacteria — about the same order as the number of human cells (around 30 trillion). These microorganisms, collectively known as the microbiome, have been shown to influence digestion, immunity, and even mood and mental health.

For decades, bacteria were regarded simply as pathogens — things to be eliminated. This understanding has been completely revised. A groundbreaking new field — psychobiotics — is being developed. Links have been found between gut bacteria and depression, anxiety, and cognitive performance — so far mostly in animal studies.

The term "psychobiotic" was first put forward by researchers in Cork, Ireland, in 2013. At first, the idea was treated with scepticism by many scientists. Since then, many of the animal findings have been replicated, although evidence from human trials is still considered limited.

It is now widely believed that diet plays a major role in shaping the microbiome. Processed food and antibiotics are thought to disrupt the gut ecosystem significantly. Whether probiotic supplements can genuinely help remains to be established by further research.

More funding must be directed towards this field. The results, experts agree, could prove transformative for our understanding of mental health.

📝 Comprehension Questions · Anlama soruları

1How many bacteria does the human body contain?

Roughly 38 trillion — about the same order as the number of human cells (around 30 trillion).

2What is 'psychobiotics'?

A new field linking gut bacteria to mental health, cognitive performance, depression, and anxiety.

3How was the idea initially received, and how has this changed?

Many scientists were sceptical at first; many animal findings have since been replicated, but human evidence is still limited.

4Find 4 passive structures in the text from different tenses.

e.g. has been established (PP), were regarded (past), is being developed (present cont.), must be directed (modal passive)

Alıştırmalar: Advanced Passive ve Impersonal Passive

0Doğru
0Yanlış
0XP
0%Başarı
1It ___ that the microbiome affects mental health.
2New treatments ___ currently in several labs.
3The link between gut and brain ___ by researchers.
4Exercise ___ to reduce stress and improve mood.
5Bacteria ___ as simple pathogens for centuries.
6It ___ that diet plays a major role in gut health.
7The theory ___ by Irish researchers in 2013.
8Strong evidence ___ to support the hypothesis.
9The results ___ in a peer-reviewed journal.
10He ___ to be one of the leading experts in the field.
11The experiment ___ three times to confirm validity.
12Further research ___ before any conclusions are drawn.
13It ___ that early intervention significantly improves outcomes.
14The groundbreaking paper ___ in the scientific community.
15Significant progress ___ in this field over the last decade.
✍️ Öğrendiklerini serbest yazıya dök. Yazdıkların bu tarayıcıda saklanır; her görevin altında örnek cevap var.

1Bilimsel keşif

Write a short paragraph (4–5 sentences) about a scientific discovery using at least 4 passive structures from different tenses. Start: It has recently been discovered that... / The findings were...
0 kelime
It has recently been discovered that gut bacteria can significantly affect our mood. The theory was first proposed in 2013 and has since been widely accepted. The findings have been replicated in dozens of peer-reviewed studies. New treatments are currently being developed based on this groundbreaking research.

2İmpersonal passive

Write 3 formal sentences using impersonal passive: 1-) It is believed that... 2-) It has been shown that... 3-) [Your choice of a scientific or social fact]
0 kelime
It is widely believed that artificial intelligence will transform medicine within the next decade. It has been shown that AI can detect certain cancers more accurately than doctors in some cases. It is generally accepted that this powerful technology must be carefully regulated to protect patients.

B2 İngilizce — tüm üniteler

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Ünite 2 · ⚖️

Law & Society

Defining vs Non-defining Relative Clauses

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Ünite 8 · 🌐

Globalisation

Nominalisation ve Akademik Üslup