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B2 · Upper-Intermediate · Ünite 2 / 10

⚖️ Law & Society

Gramer: Relative Clauses — Defining vs Non-Defining (who/which/whose/where/whereby)

Hukuk ve toplum temasıyla tanımlayıcı ve ek bilgi veren relative clause farkını, virgül kuralını ve whose / whereby kullanımını öğreniyorsun.

📚 10 kelime📐 Konu anlatımı📖 Okuma + 4 soru✏️ 15 alıştırma✍️ 2 yazma görevi
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İlerlemen 0/5📚 Kelimeler📐 Gramer📖 Okuma✏️ Alıştırmalar✍️ Yazma

Kelimeler ve kalıplar: Law & Society

Bu ünitenin temel kelime ve kalıpları. Önce anlamlarını oku, sonra Okuma metninde bul.
#Kelime / KalıpTürkçe açıklama
1defining relative clauseTanımlayıcı — virgülsüz, 'that' kullanılabilir
2non-defining relative clauseEk bilgi veren — virgüllü, 'that' kullanılamaz
3whose + noun...in/nin — iyelik gösterir (kişi veya nesne)
4whereby...yoluyla, ...vasıtasıyla (resmi)
5jurisdictionYargı yetkisi — hangi mahkeme sorumlu?
6legislation / statuteMevzuat / yazılı kanun
7liable (for)Sorumlu (hukuki) — yasal yükümlülük
8sue someone (for)Birini dava etmek
9precedentEmsal — önceden verilen kararla yol gösterir
10civil rights vs human rightsMedeni haklar (vatandaş) vs İnsan hakları (evrensel)
💡 Kuralı öğrendikten sonra Okuma sekmesindeki sarı işaretli yapıları incele, sonra Alıştırmalar'a geç.

Relative Clauses — Defining & Non-defining

B2 düzeyinde relative clauses iki türe ayrılır: defining (tanımlayan — virgülsüz) ve non-defining (ek bilgi veren — virgüllü). Bu ayrım hem anlam hem de noktalama açısından kritiktir.

📌 Defining vs Non-defining

TürKuralÖrnekAnlam
DefiningVirgül yok · that kullanılabilirThe man who called was rude.Hangi adam? — arayan adam
Non-definingVirgüllü · that KULLANILMAZMy father, who is 60, loves jazz.Ek bilgi — babam zaten bilinen biri

📌 Zamir seçimi

ZamirKullanımDefiningNon-defining
whokişiler✅✅
whichnesneler/hayvanlar✅✅
thatkişi ve nesneler✅❌
whoseaitlik✅✅
whereyerler✅✅
whenzamanlar✅✅
⚠️
COMMON MISTAKE — Non-defining'de that yasak!
❌ My sister, that lives in London, is a chef.
✅ My sister, who lives in London, is a chef.

❌ The Eiffel Tower, that was built in 1889, is in Paris.
✅ The Eiffel Tower, which was built in 1889, is in Paris.
💡
TIP — Preposition + which/whom
Resmi yazıda preposition relative pronoun'dan önce gelir:
Informal: The company (that) I work for is expanding.
Formal: The company for which I work is expanding.

Informal: The person (who) I spoke to was helpful.
Formal: The person to whom I spoke was helpful.
📘 Bu konuyu Visual Grammar serisinde detaylı çalış → ›
📄

The Right to Be Forgotten

sarı işaretli kelimeler bu ünitenin hedef yapıları ve kalıplarıdır.

In May 2014, the Court of Justice of the European Union made a landmark ruling which changed internet privacy law forever. Mario Costeja González, whose name appeared in old newspaper articles that linked him to debt problems, had requested that Google remove the search links.

The court ruled that individuals who believe their outdated data harms their privacy have the right to request its removal. Companies that fail to comply may face significant fines.

This ruling, which only applies within the EU, has been deeply controversial. Journalists, whose work depends on public access to historical information, argued it threatened press freedom. Historians expressed concern about a world where inconvenient facts could simply be deleted.

A system whereby anyone could request the erasure of legally published information was described by critics as "digital amnesia." The company whose search results triggered the original case — Google — lost.

The debate continues: the right to privacy versus the right to information — two fundamental values that cannot always coexist. The year when this ruling was made marked a turning point in how the internet, which had long operated as an unlimited archive, was forced to face questions of accountability.

📝 Comprehension Questions · Anlama soruları

1Who was Mario Costeja González and what did he request?

A Spanish man whose name appeared in old debt-related articles — he requested Google remove the links.

2What right did the court rule that individuals have?

The right to request removal of outdated data that harms their privacy.

3Why were journalists and historians concerned?

They feared it threatened press freedom and could allow inconvenient historical facts to be deleted.

4Find one defining and one non-defining relative clause in the text. Explain the difference.

Defining: 'individuals who believe...' (no comma, defines which individuals) / Non-defining: 'this ruling, which only applies within the EU,' (comma, extra info about the ruling)

Alıştırmalar: Defining vs Non-defining Relative Clauses

0Doğru
0Yanlış
0XP
0%Başarı
1The law ___ protects workers was passed in 2010.
2The new law, ___ was passed in 2010, protects workers.
3The lawyer ___ defended him is nationally famous.
4The man ___ car was stolen reported it immediately.
5This is the case ___ lasted over five years.
6The verdict, ___ surprised everyone, was announced yesterday.
7The country ___ legal system is based on common law operates differently.
8The judge, ___ had 30 years' experience, gave the final ruling.
9Anyone ___ is found guilty may face up to ten years in prison.
10The legislation, ___ took three years to pass, is now in force.
11The evidence ___ was presented in court proved decisive.
12Lawyers ___ specialise in human rights are increasingly in demand.
13The city, ___ she grew up, has changed enormously.
14The ruling ___ changed internet law was made in 2014.
15The organisation, ___ was founded in 1945, promotes human rights globally.
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1Relative clause alıştırması

Write 3 sentences: 1-) A defining relative clause (no comma, identifies the noun) 2-) A non-defining relative clause (with comma, adds extra information) 3-) A sentence using 'whose'
0 kelime
The law that I find most important is the right to a fair trial, which is protected in most democratic constitutions. My professor, who has worked in criminal law for thirty years, believes access to justice is the foundation of a functioning society. The regulation which was introduced in 2020, and which has already prevented dozens of wrongful convictions, must be strengthened further.

2Hukuk ve toplum

Write 4–5 sentences about a law you think is important or unfair. Use at least 2 relative clauses. (e.g. 'The law that...' / 'This legislation, which...')
0 kelime
The right to education is a fundamental principle which every child deserves, regardless of background. Those whose families cannot afford schooling are systematically denied opportunities. It is a right which must be enforced globally, not just in wealthy nations. The organisations that campaign for this cause deserve far greater support.

B2 İngilizce — tüm üniteler

✅
Ünite 2 · ⚖️

Law & Society

Defining vs Non-defining Relative Clauses

✅
Ünite 8 · 🌐

Globalisation

Nominalisation ve Akademik Üslup