B2 · Upper-Intermediate · Ünite 7 / 10

🧬 Ethics & Society

Gramer: Subjunctive Mood + Formal Conditional Inversions

Etik ve toplum temasıyla It is essential that he be... gibi mandative subjunctive yapısını ve Should you... / Were it to... resmi koşul devriklerini öğreniyorsun.

📚 10 kelime📐 Konu anlatımı📖 Okuma + 4 soru✏️ 15 alıştırma✍️ 2 yazma görevi

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Kelimeler ve kalıplar: Ethics & Society

Bu ünitenin temel kelime ve kalıpları. Önce anlamlarını oku, sonra Okuma metninde bul.
#Kelime / KalıpTürkçe açıklama
1It is essential that + BASE VERBŞart ki... — mandative subjunctive (esential/vital/crucial)
2We recommend that + BASE VERBÖneririz ki... — subjunctive (no -s, no -ed, no 'to')
3Were + subject + to + V1...Eğer... olsaydı — formal if-clause replacement
4Should + subject + V1...Eğer... — formal conditional inversion
5autonomousÖzerk, bağımsız — kendi kararlarını alan
6transparencyŞeffaflık — gizli olmayan, açık
7accountabilityHesap verebilirlik — sonuçlardan sorumlu olmak
8surveillanceGözetleme, izleme
9algorithmic biasAlgoritmik önyargı — yazılımın ayrımcı sonuç üretmesi
10consent (informed)Aydınlatılmış onam — tam bilgiyle verilen rıza
💡 Kuralı öğrendikten sonra Okuma sekmesindeki sarı işaretli yapıları incele, sonra Alıştırmalar'a geç.

Subjunctive ve resmi koşul devriği

Mandative subjunctive, bir şeyin gerekli / önerilen / talep edilen olduğunu bildiren resmi yapıdır: It is essential that he be on time. Burada fiil, özne ne olursa olsun yalın hâlde kalır (-s, -ed, to yok). İngiliz İngilizcesinde aynı anlam için should + V1 de sık kullanılır. Resmi koşul devriğinde ise if atılır ve yardımcı fiil başa gelir: Should you need help... / Were we to fail...

📌 Özet tablo

Yapı / KuralFormAnlamÖrnek
Mandative SubjunctiveIt is essential/vital/crucial/important + that + subject + BASE VERBResmi İngilizce'de -s yok, -ed yok, 'to' yokIt is essential that he BE present. / We insist that she ATTEND. (not 'attends'!)
Recommend/Suggest/Insist/Demand + thatthat + subject + base verbAynı kural — base verb (V1)I recommend that you TAKE the exam. / The board demands that he RESIGN.
Were + subject + toWere this to happen, the consequences would be severe.Formal, low-probability if-clauseWere the company to fail, thousands would lose jobs.
Should + subjectShould you require assistance, please contact us.Formal customer-service/legal English — if'in resmi alternatifiShould any problems arise, do not hesitate to call.
⚠️⚠️ Mandative subjunctive = BASE VERB (no conjugation!) ❌ 'It is essential that she goes.' ✅ 'It is essential that she go.' | 'be' subjunctive: 'It is important that he be informed.' (not 'is'!) | Mainly written/formal English.

🔍 Örneklerle

📜 that + özne + V1
The doctor recommended that she rest for a week. → Doktor bir hafta dinlenmesini önerdi.
It is vital that every student be informed. → Her öğrencinin bilgilendirilmesi hayati önemde.
They insisted that he not leave. → Gitmemesi konusunda ısrar ettiler.
🇬🇧 should ile alternatif
The doctor recommended that she should rest. → (İngiliz İngilizcesi, daha az resmi)
It's important that everyone should know the rules. → Herkesin kuralları bilmesi önemli.
⚖️ Resmi koşul devriği
Should you have any questions, please contact us. → Sorunuz olursa lütfen bize ulaşın.
Were the plan to fail, we would need a backup. → Plan başarısız olursa yedeğe ihtiyacımız olur.
Had I known, I would have helped. → Bilseydim yardım ederdim.
⚠️
COMMON MISTAKE — Subjunctive’te çekim yapmak
❌ We suggest that he takes the train. → ✅ We suggest that he take the train.
❌ Were I you, ... doğru, ama ❌ If I would be you → ✅ If I were you
❌ Had I knew → ✅ Had I known
💡
TIP — Nerede kullanılır?
Resmi e-postalar, iş yazışmaları, kurallar ve sözleşmeler: Should you wish to cancel your order, ... / The committee requires that all forms be submitted by Friday. Günlük konuşmada daha basit yapılar tercih edilir.

📝 Kendine sor — pratik yap

It is essential that he ___ (be) here by 9. be
___ you require further information, please call us. (if yerine) Should
She demanded that the report ___ (send) immediately. be sent
___ I known about the problem, I would have fixed it. Had
📘 Bu konuyu Visual Grammar serisinde detaylı çalış → ›
📄

Should Machines Make Life-or-Death Decisions?

sarı işaretli kelimeler bu ünitenin hedef yapıları ve kalıplarıdır.

As artificial intelligence systems are increasingly deployed in healthcare, criminal justice, and military applications, ethicists insist that rigorous standards of transparency and accountability be maintained. It is essential that every automated decision be explainable to those it affects. It is vital that humans retain ultimate authority to override machine recommendations.

Critics argue that society requires companies to be far more rigorous in testing AI systems before deployment. Were a self-driving vehicle to cause a fatal accident, the question of legal and moral responsibility would become extraordinarily complex. Should such systems fail in high-stakes environments, the consequences could be irreversible.

We recommend that governments introduce mandatory auditing of all AI systems used in public decision-making. It is not enough that these systems be merely accurate — it is essential that they be fair, audited, and held to democratic standards.

The demand that corporations provide open access to their training data is growing. Were algorithms to continue operating without oversight, the potential for entrenched algorithmic bias would be substantial.

Should legislators fail to act, we risk creating a society in which consequential decisions about human lives are made by systems that no one fully understands — or can challenge.

📝 Comprehension Questions · Anlama soruları

1What do ethicists insist about automated decisions?

That they be explainable to those they affect — with human authority to override them.

2Find an example of a formal conditional without 'if' in the text.

'Were a self-driving vehicle to cause...' or 'Should such systems fail...' or 'Should legislators fail to act...'

3Find a mandative subjunctive in the text.

'It is essential that every automated decision be explainable.' / 'We recommend that governments introduce...'

4What does the text warn could happen if legislators fail to act?

A society where life-or-death decisions are made by systems no one fully understands or can challenge.

Alıştırmalar: Subjunctive ve Formal Conditional Inversion

0Doğru
0Yanlış
0XP
0%Başarı
1It is essential that every employee ___ the new safety training. (attend)
2We recommend that she ___ the final interview. (attend)
3It is vital that he ___ immediately. (act)
4___ you have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact us.
5___ this to happen, the consequences would be catastrophic.
6The law requires that companies ___ their algorithms publicly. (disclose)
7___ the government to intervene now, the crisis might still be contained.
8It is important that all data ___ securely. (store — passive)
9They insist that the report ___ by Friday. (submit — passive)
10___ any problems arise during installation, call our helpline.
11The board demands that the director ___ for the decision. (account)
12It is crucial that the truth ___ hidden from the public. (not be)
13___ the algorithm to be proven biased, the company would face serious consequences.
14We suggest that all members ___ the updated code of conduct. (review)
15It is essential that this information ___ confidential. (remain)
✍️ Öğrendiklerini serbest yazıya dök. Yazdıkların bu tarayıcıda saklanır; her görevin altında örnek cevap var.

1Resmi tavsiye

Write 4 formal recommendations about AI or technology ethics using: 1-) It is essential that... 2-) We recommend that... 3-) It is vital that... 4-) Were [X] to happen, [consequence]...
0 kelime
It is essential that all automated decisions affecting individuals be fully explainable and challengeable. We strongly recommend that governments introduce independent oversight bodies with genuine investigative powers. It is vital that citizens retain the right to appeal any AI decision that affects their lives. Were such systems to operate without human oversight, the consequences for civil liberties could be catastrophic.

2Etik argüman

Should AI be allowed to make medical decisions without a doctor's oversight? Write 5 sentences using formal conditionals and subjunctive structures.
0 kelime
I firmly believe that AI should not make final medical decisions without direct human oversight and verification. It is essential that the clinician's judgement remain at the centre of any life-or-death medical choice. Were an AI system to make a serious error without adequate supervision, patients could be grievously harmed. We therefore recommend that all legislation require documented human verification for every significant medical AI decision.

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